Arres

An image of the main continent in my world with the linguistic groups marked

Introduction

Words and phrases in Arres are given in boldface; protoforms in plain minuscule with an asterisk preceding them; lexemes from other languages are cited in italic.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants: p t k b d v s z ś ź m n r ɼ l ȷ

Vowels

Vowels: ı ɥ u ɵ o e a ı̀e ɥ̀ı ùo ı̀a ùa àe ào

Stress

Phonotactics

Syllable structure: (C)(r)V(N)(s,n,r,t,d)

Morphology

Nouns and Adjectives

Ist declension nouns

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Prepositional	Reflexive	Emphatic
1p	nena	nenaҫ	nenar	·anna	so·anna	nàe
2p	sɩna	sɩnaҫ	sɩnar	·asna	so·asna	sàe
3p	rona	ronaҫ	ronar	·arna	so·arna	ràe

Nena nàe avrɩnane nenar so·anna naduna

Verbs

Arres has four tenses in each of its two moods: distant past, recent past, present, and future. The moods are indicative and subjunctive. There are also separate participles for the past and nonpast tenses. The citation form of the verb is the nonpast participle.

Present

(Verb is urran) *óridun → úrizun → úrro → urro *óridus → úrizus → úrir → urır *óridur → úrizur → úrrur → urru *óridunājt → úrizunāt → úrruna → urruna *óridusājt → úrizusāt → úrrura → urrula *óridurājt → úrizurāt → úrrura → urrula Which sequence was then leveled: urro urrı urru urruna urrula sɩna urrula rona Urran is in a minority of verbs that

Past 1

Past 2

Future

The future tenses are formed using a third set of endings, which derive diachronically from the fusion of the future conjugation of the verb *ɵ̂nâmu with the nonpast participle in -âmu. *óridāmɵ̄nin → úrizāmɵ̄nin → úrramne → urrenne *óridāmɵ̄nis → úrizāmɵ̄nis → úrramn → urrenna *óridāmɵ̄nir → úrizāmɵ̄nir → úrramnir → urrennɩr *óridāmɵ̄ninaajt → úrizāmɵ̄nināt → úrramnina → urrennɩna *óridāmɵ̄nisaajt → úrizāmɵ̄nizāt → úrramnira → urrennıra *óridāmɵ̄niraajt → úrizāmɵ̄nirāt → úrramnira → urrennıra This sequence was then regularised by analogy: -enno -enna -ennɩ -ennɩna -ennɩra sɩna -ennɩra rona The new future suffix that was abstracted is generated by raising the -a- of the participle to -e- and doubling the nasal: urran > urrenn- tàolan > tàolenn- Which has since been extended to newly borrowed verbs: kushthàt > kuҫıtan ~ kuҫıtenn- (borrowed from Z lang)

Subjunctives

Participles

Past participle in -asse
Nonpast in -an

Conjugations/Verb classes

Arres has five verb classes, delineated by whether they possess suppletive or irregular stems.
(Diachronically, this is from )
Class 1 (dental stems) Class 2 (velar stems) Class 3 (palatal stems) Class 4 (labial stems) Class 5 () Present ı̀an- laҫ- ȷem- Past ı̀all- laҫҫ- ȷevı- Remote ı̀ann- ȷenn- Future ı̀anenn- Present Subjunctive Past Subjunctive Remote Subjunctive Future Subjunctive Anaphorae ìa na uar Derivations concrete nominal -(e)n abstract nominal -(e)r verbalization -sur-āmi adjectivization -(u)l participle -(ā)mi passive a- person -(i)taj gender place d(i)- -participle thing a(r)- -nominal tool -(a)g process -ol study instance negative ind(e)- causative s(o)- diminutive augmentative ability liking / prone to necessity locative people -(u)b collection -(o)k badness intensive khis- frequentative (reduplication)

Syntax

Basic word order and sentence structure SOV, Vaux, NA, NG, RelH Copular sentences Copular intransitive sentences place the verb first. Sıhan relates the referent to a noun; tàolan to an adjective. However, when discussing possession or other relations, tàolan is used in place of san. Prepositions Temporal prepositions Spatial prepositions ào· along with dar· under de· just next to el· before hàola· toward ıo· outside ıt· against ȷa· behind koȷa· across làe· between mı· into, through ɵ· at ra· away from, out of ɼu· over tu· in, within ɥ· by means of ze· around Expressions such as ‘to the left’ and ‘to the right’ are rendered periphrastically using ɵ·: Jıtav·tı̀andessa vàet ɵ·zurıɼɼude tàolu. The insigniae-bearer stands leftward of the commander. Prepositions involving motion are paired with the accusative, the rest with the essive, with the exception of ào· and ɥ·, which take genitive. Conjunctions Transformations This section discusses conjunctions whose purpose is to link clauses together in various ways. The most important of these are listed below. assehı ‘consequential’, therefore / because arra ‘juxtapositional’, at the same time / place I would also say àohı̀anan ‘comitative’, along with ı̀annurran ‘volitional’, intending to at relative conjunction The difference between sıhı̀anan and arra is rather subtle: arra simply tells us that the actions dealt with are simultaneous in time or place, while sıhı̀anan immediately implies some sort of relation between the two actions. In the examples below, these conjunctions are highlighted in orange. Sıdısse ıru arrehı ıssulnı ası̀a ȷın ùolula. (Lit.) The moon rises, therefore wolves now howl. Wolves are howling because the moon is rising. Nota bene the different tenses: the causal is a participle, while the consequential is a simple present. This construction can be reversed; the separate verb tenses usually ensure clarity of meaning: .uRI ËiDiS iHÄA LuLÚ niJ ìSA iNluËI Issulnı arı̀a ȷın úolula arrehı sıdısse ıru. Past tenses pair with the past participle; present and future tenses pair with the nonpast participle. Multiple clauses can be stacked, using these conjunctions to distinguish sequences of causation and / or intention. A common structure is ‘X happened/was done, therefore Y was done, intending to have Z happen', as below. Cı̀alasse at assehı ı̀annurran Seeing that their allies had been forced to retreat, the insurrectionists began to (example from A Chronicle of the Insurrection of the Adruvı by Savrını Hestar)

Diachronics

h//_ /i/#_sC tj/ʦ/_ c/ç/_ kj/ʨ/_ dj/ʣ/_ ɟ/ʝ/_ gj/ʥ/_ [ln]//_j m/v/_j b/v/_j [xɣ]/h/#_ l/w/V_C éw/ǿǿ/_/_V ó[wj]/úú/_/_V əj/əə/_/_V [éá]j/éé/_/_V áw/óó/_/_V [jw]//V_C ó/ú/_C(R)V o/u/_C(R)V o/a/_G/V_ ó/á/_G/V_ h//_ b/v/V(N)_V d/z/V(N)_V S/Z/V(N)_V V/Q/V…_#/CR_ P/Q/V_# NP/Q/V_# Vm/Q/V…_#/CR_ Vs/Q/V…_#/CR_ Un//U_# En/ɵ/_# On/o/_# an/a/_# Q//_# U//_² U//VC_C(R)V U//V(C)C_jV h//_# z/r/V_V VV/HH/_NC V/H/_NC/V_ VV/XX/_G[#C] V/X/_G[#C] N//_C/_N -*Altenostadranisch [gxɣ]/h/_ f/h/_# l//[rwj]_ Z/S/_# J/s/_C/_D J/J²/_D D//JJ_ J/s/_C/_J J/J²/J_ J//_JJ P/P²/P_ P//_PP N/N²/N_ N//_NN ʦ/s/_ ʣ/z/_ [çʨ]/ʃ/_ [ʝʥ]/ʒ/_ str/ʃ/_ tr/ʃ/_ dr/rj/_i drj/rj/_ C/C²/h_ h//_C² h//C_ dr/rr/_ dD/rr/_ Dl/ll/_ nr/rr/_ nl/ll/_ Dn/nn/_ rD/rr/_ rl/ll/_ zD/rr/_ sD/ss/_ m/n/_# r/l/rV(V)_ l//_# ø/y/_ ǿ/ý/_ A/U/_ ii/íe/_ ɵɵ/ía/_ ee/áe/_ uu/úo/_ oo/úa/_ aa/áo/_ yy/ýi/_ VVj/HH/_ Vj/H/_ /j/E_V /w/O_V /j/a_E /w/a_O rj/ɼ/_ vD/vr/_ bR/vr/V_ bR/vj/_ bd/vr/_ dr/rr/_ w/v/_ j/i/_ ı|i kh|x ҫ|ʃ ȷ|ʒ C=ptckbdɟgfvszʦçʨʣʝʥxɣhmnlrwj V=aeiouyɵøáéíóúýəǿ X=aeɵaoøeøáéəáóǿéǿ H=eɵiuuyiyéəíúúýíý P=ptkbd D=tdsz J=ʦçʨʣʝʥ G=kgxɣ N=nm R=rl S=ptkfsʦçʨ Z=bdgvzʣʝʥ A=áéíóúýəǿ E=eiyɵø O=uo U=aeiouyɵø jezer nariza de Examples Jeff VanderMeer: Annihilation Ne ɵ·zıtàonerra ra·sàeteza tàolletta ȷonasse etta etta arra ra·soȷonenno [nɛ ezɪ̯ˈtɑːɔ̯nˌerːə rəˈsæːɛ̯ˌtɛzə ˈtɑːɔ̯lːɛtːə ˈʒonˌasːɛ] 1s.NOM at-place.of.existence-NEUT.ESS.DEF from hand-NEUT.ACC.DEF malefactor-NEUT.GEN.DEF come-PARTIC.PAST strangling-NEUT.GEN.DEF fruit-NEUT.GEN.DEF seed-NEUT.ACC.PL.DEF dead.NEUT.GEN.DEF.PL from.bring-FUT-1s Where lies the strangling fruit that came from the hand of the sinner I shall bring forth the seeds of the dead ı̀annurran na bınaҫҫa tu·ıverra an vàoneza ɥ· solar ronar an ào· an, intentive prox.dem thing.NEUT.ACC.DEF.PL in-darkness.NEUT.ESS.DEF gather.PARTIC.PRES using-power-NEUT.GEN.DEF life-NEUT.GEN.PL 3p-GEN with-worm-NEUT.GEN.DEF.PL share.PARTIC.PRES to share with the worms that gather in the darkness and surround the world with the power of their lives arra while from the dim-lit halls of other places forms that never could be writhe for the impatience of those who have never seen or been seen… …the shadows are like the petals of a monstrous flower that shall blossom within the skull and expand the mind beyond what any man can bear… …in the black water with the sun shining at midnight, those fruit shall come ripe and in the darkness of that which is golden shall split open to reveal the revelation of the fatal softness in the earth… …there shall be in the planting in the shadows a grace and a mercy that shall bloom dark flowers, and their teeth shall devour and sustain and herald the passing of an age… …that which dies shall still know life in death for all that decays is not forgotten and reanimated, and shall walk the world in a bliss of not-knowing… …there shall be a fire that knows your name, and in the presence of the strangling fruit, its dark flame shall acquire every part of you… …but whether it decays under the earth or above on green fields, or out to sea, or in the very air, all shall come to revelation and to revel in the knowledge of the strangling fruit, and the hand of the sinner shall rejoice, for there is no sin in shadow or in light that the seeds of the dead cannot forgive…

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